Correlation between inflammatory factors, autophagy protein levels, and infection in granulation tissue of diabetic foot ulcer.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of inflammatory factors and autophagy-related proteins in granulation tissue of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients and analyze their relationship with infection. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. One hundred and fifty-two patients with DFU in our hospital from July 2020 to March 2022 were selected as the DFU group, including 98 cases in infection stage group and 54 cases in infection control group. The patients were further graded as the mild (51 cases), the moderate (65 cases), and the severe infection group (36 cases) according to the Wagner grading criteria. Sixty-seven patients with foot burns during the same period were selected as the control group. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria on the ulcer surface was examined using fully automated bacterial analyzer. The expression of inflammatory factors (procalcitonin [PCT], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) was valued by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation was analyzed by Pearson. RESULTS: The surface infection of DFU patients was mostly induced by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominating among the Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus among the gram-positive bacteria. The infection stage group had higher content of PCT, TNF-α, and IL-6 and lower content of Beclin-1 and LC3 than the infection control group (p < .001). The levels of PCT, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the DFU patients with cardiovascular events were higher than those in the nonoccurrence group (p < .001). Glycated hemoglobin in patients with DFU was positively correlated with PCT, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels (p < .05), and negatively correlated with Beclin-1 and LC3 levels (p < .001). CONCLUSION: P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were predominant bacterial in DFU infections. Inflammatory factor and autophagy protein expression were closely correlated with the degree of infection.

Intervenções terapêuticas não farmacológicas para o tratamento de úlceras no pé diabético: revisão integrativa / Intervenciones terapéuticas no farmacológicas para el tratamiento de las úlceras diabéticas: revisión integral de la literatura / Non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: an integrative literature review

Introdução: As úlceras no pé diabético surgem da interação complexa entreneuropatia periférica e doença arterial periférica, comprometendo a cicatrização após traumas. Objetivo: Explorar a diversidade de intervenções terapêuticas não farmacológicas que têm sido estudadas e avaliadas quanto à sua eficácia e segurança no tratamento de úlceras no pé diabético. Metodologia: Pesquisa do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura. Para obtenção dos resultados foi realizado um levantamento nas plataformas PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Para elaboração dos resultados foram selecionados 21 artigos. Resultados: As intervenções encontradas foram oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, terapia de feridas por pressão negativa, uso de matriz dérmica, plasma rico em plaquetas, plasma atmosférico frio, tratamentos com curativos especiais e uso de solas rígidas, entre outros. Mostraram uma variabilidade na taxa de cicatrização e no tempo de fechamento da ferida, bem como na melhoria da regeneração tecidual. Conclusão: As pesquisas mostram uma diversidade de intervenções terapêuticas não farmacológicas utilizadas no tratamento de úlceras no pé diabético, ressaltando a necessidade de abordagens individualizadas e mais estudos para determinar a eficácia e segurança de cada intervenção (AU).

Introduction:Diabetic foot ulcers arise from the complex interaction between peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease, compromising wound healing after traumas. Objective:To explore the diversity of non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions that have been studied and evaluated for their effectiveness and safety in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Methodology: An integrative literature review was conducted. The search for results was performed on the PubMed and Virtual Health Library platforms. Twenty-one articles were selected for result elaboration.Results:The identified interventions included hyperbaric oxygen therapy, negative pressure wound therapy, use of dermal matrix, platelet-rich plasma, cold atmospheric plasma, treatments with special dressings, and the use of rigid soles, among others. They exhibited variability in the healing rate and wound closure time, as well as improvement in tissue regeneration.Conclusion:The research demonstrates a diversity of non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions used in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, emphasizing the need for individualized approaches and further studies to determine the effectiveness and safety of each intervention (AU).

Introducción: Las úlceras en el pie diabético surgen de la interacción compleja entre neuropatía periférica y enfermedad arterial periférica, comprometiendo la cicatrización después de traumas.Objetivo: Explorar la diversidad de intervenciones terapéuticas no farmacológicas que han sido estudiadas y evaluadas en cuanto a su eficacia y seguridad en el tratamiento de úlceras en el pie diabético.Metodología: Investigación del tipo revisión integrativa de la literatura. Para obtener los resultados se realizó un estudio en las plataformas PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Para la elaboración de los resultados se seleccionaron 21 artículos. Resultados: Las intervenciones encontradas fueron oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, terapia de heridas por presión negativa, uso de matriz dérmica, plasma rico en plaquetas, plasma atmosférico frío, tratamientos con curativos especiales y uso de suelas rígidas, entre otros. Mostraron una variabilidad en la tasa de cicatrización y en el tiempo de cierre de la herida, así como en la mejora de la regeneración tisular. Conclusión: Las investigaciones muestran una diversidad de intervenciones terapéuticas no farmacológicas utilizadas en el tratamiento de úlceras en el pie diabético, resaltando la necesidad de enfoques individualizados y más estudios para determinar la eficacia y seguridad de cada intervención (AU).

Correlational analysis of PLIN1 with inflammation in diabetic foot ulcer wounds.

BACKGROUND: The persistent presence of inflammation is a recognized pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). We aimed to investigate the expression of PLIN1 in tissues from DFU patients and assess its potential association with inflammation-induced damage. METHODS: We performed transcriptome sequencing and correlation analysis of the foot skin from patients with or without DFUs. Additionally, we examined the correlation between PLIN1 and related inflammatory indicators by analyzing PLIN1 expression in tissue and serum samples and through high-glucose stimulation of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). RESULTS: PLIN1 is upregulated in the tissue and serum from DFU patients. Additionally, PLIN1 shows a positive correlation with leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in the serum, as well as IL-1ß and TNF-α in the tissues. Experiments with Cells demonstrated that reduced expression of PLIN1 leads to significantly decreased expression of iNOS, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α. PLIN1 may mediate wound inflammatory damage through the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that PLIN1 mediates the inflammatory damage in DFU, offering new prospects for the treatment of DFU.

LncRNA NEAT1/miR-146a-5p Axis Restores Normal Angiogenesis in Diabetic Foot Ulcers by Targeting mafG.

Non-healing lesions in diabetic foot ulcers are a significant effect of poor angiogenesis. Epigenetic regulators, mainly lncRNA and miRNA, are recognized for their important roles in disease progression. We deciphered the regulation of lncRNA NEAT1 through the miR-146a-5p/mafG axis in the progression of DFU. A lowered expression of lncRNA NEAT1 was associated with dysregulated angiogenesis through the reduced expression of mafG, SDF-1α, and VEGF in chronic ulcer subjects compared to acute DFU. This was validated by silencing NEAT1 by SiRNA in the endothelial cells which resulted in the transcriptional repression of target genes. Our in silico analysis identified miR-146a-5p as a potential target of lncRNA NEAT1. Further, silencing NEAT1 led to an increase in the levels of miR-146a-5p in chronic DFU subjects. This research presents the role of the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-146a-5p/mafG axis in enhancing angiogenesis in DFU.

Misdiagnosis of cutaneous epithelioid angiosarcoma as diabetic foot ulcer: a case study.

BACKGROUND: AS is a malignant tumor that originates from vascular endothelial cells and is known for a high rate of local recurrence and metastasis. CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old male presented with cutaneous epithelioid AS. Cutaneous AS of the foot is quite rare, especially in the absence of predisposing factors, and in this patient it was previously misdiagnosed as a DFU. CONCLUSION: Physicians should be aware of this rare presentation of cutaneous AS. The authors of the current report advise regular clinical reassessment of chronic ulcers and biopsies of nonhealing wounds, even when adequate wound treatment has been administered, with the goal of identifying ulcerated skin malignancies and preventing delay in providing appropriate treatment.

GLI family zinc finger protein 2 promotes skin fibroblast proliferation and DNA damage repair by targeting the miR-200/ataxia telangiectasia mutated axis in diabetic wound healing.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetic patients which negatively affects their foot health. This study aimed to estimate the role and mechanism of the miR-200 family in DNA damage of diabetic wound healing. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1 cells) were stimulated with high glucose (HG). Db/db mice were utilized to conduct the DFU in vivo model. Cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assays. Superoxide dismutase activity was determined using detection kits. Reactive oxygen species determination was conducted via dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'deoxyguanosine levels. Genes and protein expression were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, or immunohistochemical analyses. Luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays determined the interaction with miR-200a/b/c-3p and GLI family zinc finger protein 2 (GLI2) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. HG repressed cell proliferation and DNA damage repair, promoted miR-200a/b/c-3p expression, and suppressed ATM and GLI2. MiR-200a/b/c-3p inhibition ameliorated HG-induced cell proliferation and DNA damage repair repression. MiR-200a/b/c-3p targeted ATM. Then, the silenced ATM reversed the miR-200a/b/c-3p inhibition-mediated alleviative effects under HG. Next, GLI2 overexpression alleviated the HG-induced cell proliferation and DNA damage repair inhibition via miR-200a/b/c-3p. MiR-200a/b/c-3p inhibition significantly promoted DNA damage repair and wound healing in DFU mice. GLI2 promoted cell proliferation and DNA damage repair by regulating the miR-200/ATM axis to enhance diabetic wound healing in DFU.

Curcumin Promotes Diabetic Foot Ulcer Wound Healing by Inhibiting miR-152-3p and Activating the FBN1/TGF-ß Pathway.

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of curcumin in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) wound healing. A DFU rat model was established, and fibroblasts were cultured in a high-glucose (HG) environment to create a cell model. Various techniques, including Western blot, RT‒qPCR, flow cytometry, Transwell, cell scratch test and H&E staining, were employed to measure the levels of relevant genes and proteins, as well as to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and pathological changes. The results showed that miR-152-3p was overexpressed in DFU patients, while FBN1 was underexpressed. Curcumin was found to inhibit fibroblast apoptosis, promote proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in DFU rats, and accelerate wound healing in DFU rats. In addition, overexpression of miR-152-3p weakened the therapeutic effect of curcumin, while overexpression of FBN1 reversed the effects of the miR-152-3p mimic. Further investigations into the underlying mechanisms revealed that curcumin expedited wound healing in DFU rats by restoring the FBN1/TGF-ß pathway through the inhibition of miR-152-3p. In conclusion, curcumin can suppress the activity of miR-152-3p, which, in turn, leads to the rejuvenation of the FBN1/TGF-ß pathway and accelerates DFU wound healing.

LncRNA DLEU1 promotes angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcer wound healing by regulating miR-96-5p.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) carries high rates of major amputation and mortality. AIMS: The goals of this study were to identify expression of circulating lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and to explore the function of lncRNA DLEU1/miR-96-5p axis in DFU. METHODS: Matched patients with DFU and healthy individuals were randomly selected. Serum samples from all subjects were used for circulating lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p assessment by RT-qPCR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to assess the discriminative capacity of lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p in identifying DFU. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was assayed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining method. Bioinformatics, luciferase reporter activity assay, and in vitro cell experiments were used to explore the relationship between lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p. RESULTS: LncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p were significantly up- and downregulated in patients with DFU, respectively, compared with controls. After ROC assessment, lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p were found to discriminate DFU from miR-96-5p. Furthermore, lncRNA DLEU1 inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell proliferation and increased HUVECs apoptosis and oxidative stress through sponging miR-96-5p. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest lncRNA DLEU1 and miR-96-5p as circulating biomarkers for DFU. Also, we provide the clue for the pathogenic significance of lncRNA DLEU1/miR-96-5p in DFU, as well as insights for new potential targets.

Mapping cellular senescence networks in human diabetic foot ulcers.

Cellular senescence, a cell fate defined by irreversible cell cycle arrest, has been observed to contribute to chronic age-related conditions including non-healing wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers. However, the role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers remains unclear. To examine the contribution of senescent phenotypes to these chronic wounds, differential gene and network analyses were performed on publicly available bulk RNA sequencing of whole skin biopsies of wound edge diabetic foot ulcers and uninvolved diabetic foot skin. Wald tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction were used to evaluate differential gene expression. Results showed that cellular senescence markers, CDKN1A, CXCL8, IGFBP2, IL1A, MMP10, SERPINE1, and TGFA, were upregulated, while TP53 was downregulated in diabetic foot ulcers compared to uninvolved diabetic foot skin. NetDecoder was then used to identify and compare context-specific protein-protein interaction networks using known cellular senescence markers as pathway sources. The diabetic foot ulcer protein-protein interaction network demonstrated significant perturbations with decreased inhibitory interactions and increased senescence markers compared to uninvolved diabetic foot skin. Indeed, TP53 (p53) and CDKN1A (p21) appeared to be key regulators in diabetic foot ulcer formation. These findings suggest that cellular senescence is an important mediator of diabetic foot ulcer pathogenesis.

Compare the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on enhancing wound healing in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rodent model.

Studies have revealed that both extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ESWT and HBOT in enhancing diabetic wound healing. A dorsal skin defect in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rodent model was used. Postoperative wound healing was assessed once every 3 days. Histologic examination was performed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki-67), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were evaluated with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The wound area was significantly reduced in the ESWT and HBOT groups compared to that in the diabetic controls. However, the wound healing time was significantly increased in the HBOT group compared to the ESWT group. Histological findings showed a statistical increase in neovascularization and suppression of the inflammatory response by both HBOT and ESWT compared to the controls. IHC staining revealed a significant increase in Ki-67, VEGF, and eNOS but suppressed 8-OHdG expression in the ESWT group compared to the HBOT group. ESWT facilitated diabetic wound healing more effectively than HBOT by suppressing the inflammatory response and enhancing cellular proliferation and neovascularization and tissue regeneration.

Endogenous Biological Drivers in Diabetic Lower Limb Wounds Recurrence: Hypothetical Reflections.

An impaired healing response underlies diabetic foot wound chronicity, frequently translating to amputation, disability, and mortality. Diabetics suffer from underappreciated episodes of post-epithelization ulcer recurrence. Recurrence epidemiological data are alarmingly high, so the ulcer is considered in "remission" and not healed from the time it remains epithelialized. Recurrence may result from the combined effects of behavioral and endogenous biological factors. Although the damaging role of behavioral, clinical predisposing factors is undebatable, it still remains elusive in the identification of endogenous biological culprits that may prime the residual scar tissue for recurrence. Furthermore, the event of ulcer recurrence still waits for the identification of a molecular predictor. We propose that ulcer recurrence is deeply impinged by chronic hyperglycemia and its downstream biological effectors, which originate epigenetic drivers that enforce abnormal pathologic phenotypes to dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes as memory cells. Hyperglycemia-derived cytotoxic reactants accumulate and modify dermal proteins, reduce scar tissue mechanical tolerance, and disrupt fibroblast-secretory activity. Accordingly, the combination of epigenetic and local and systemic cytotoxic signalers induce the onset of "at-risk phenotypes" such as premature skin cell aging, dysmetabolism, inflammatory, pro-degradative, and oxidative programs that may ultimately converge to scar cell demise. Post-epithelialization recurrence rate data are missing in clinical studies of reputed ulcer healing therapies during follow-up periods. Intra-ulcer infiltration of epidermal growth factor exhibits the most consistent remission data with the lowest recurrences during 12-month follow-up. Recurrence data should be regarded as a valuable clinical endpoint during the investigational period for each emergent healing candidate.

Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-Treated Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Facilitate Wound Healing and Revascularization in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus contributes to 15-25% of all chronic foot ulcers. Peripheral vascular disease is a cause of ischemic ulcers and exacerbates diabetic foot disease. Cell-based therapies are viable options to restore damaged vessels and induce the formation of new vessels. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have the potential for angiogenesis and regeneration because of their greater paracrine effect. Preclinical studies are currently using other forced enhancement techniques (e.g., genetic modification or biomaterials) to increase the efficacy of human ADSC (hADSC) autotransplantation. Unlike genetic modifications and biomaterials, many growth factors have been approved by the equivalent regulatory authorities. This study confirmed the effect of enhanced human ADSC (ehADSC)s with a cocktail of FGF and other pharmacological agents to promote wound healing in diabetic foot disease. In vitro, ehADSCs exhibited a long and slender spindle-shaped morphology and showed significantly increased proliferation. In addition, it was shown that ehADSCs have more functionalities in oxidative stress toleration, stem cell stemness, and mobility. In vivo, the local transplantation of 1.2 × 106 hADSCs or ehADSCs was performed in animals with diabetes induced by STZ. The ehADSC group showed a statistically decreased wound size and increased blood flow compared with the hADSC group and the sham group. Human Nucleus Antigen (HNA) positive cells were observed in some ADSC-transplanted animals. The ehADSC group showed a relatively higher portion of HNA-positive animals than the hADSC group. The blood glucose levels showed no significant difference among the groups. In conclusion, the ehADSCs showed a better performance in vitro, compared with conventional hADSCs. Additionally, a topical injection of ehADSCs into diabetic wounds enhanced wound healing and blood flow, while improving histological markers suggesting revascularization.

High glucose-induced endothelial STING activation inhibits diabetic wound healing through impairment of angiogenesis.

Chronic hyperglycemia-induced impairment of angiogenesis is important in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Additionally, the stimulator of interferon gene (STING), which is a key protein in innate immunity, mediates palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases through oxidative stress-induced STING activation. However, the role of STING in DFU is unknown. In this study, we established a DFU mouse model with streptozotocin (STZ) injection and found that the expression of STING was significantly increased in the vascular endothelial cells of wound tissues from diabetic patients and in the STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. We further established high glucose (HG)-induced endothelial dysfunction with rat vascular endothelial cells and found that the expression of STING was also increased by high-glucose treatment. Moreover, the STING inhibitor, C176, promoted diabetic wound healing, whereas the STING activator, DMXAA, inhibited diabetic wound healing. Consistently, STING inhibition reversed the HG-induced reduction of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibited apoptosis, and promoted migration of endothelial cells. Notably, DMXAA treatment alone was sufficient to induce endothelial cell dysfunction as a high-glucose treatment. Mechanistically, STING mediated HG-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by activating the interferon regulatory factor 3/nuclear factor kappa B pathway. In conclusion, our study reveals an endothelial STING activation-mediated molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of DFU and identifies STING as a novel potential therapeutic target for DFU.

Non-Enhancing Tissue on Diabetic Foot Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Relation to Osteomyelitis Investigation: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Performance, Pitfalls and Clinical Considerations.

Background: Geographic non-enhancing zones in diabetic foot magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were first described in 2002. No previous report has described the impact and clinical significance of geographic non-enhancing tissue seen in the evaluation of diabetic foot MRI. Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of devascularization areas on contrast-enhanced MRI in diabetic patients suspected of having foot osteomyelitis, the impact on the performance of the MRI assessment, and the possible pitfalls. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2017 during which 72 CE-MRIs of 1.5 and 3T were reviewed by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists for the presence of non-enhancing tissue areas and for osteomyelitis. A blinded third party collected clinical data including pathology reports, revascularization procedures, and surgical interventions. The prevalence of devascularization was calculated. Results: Among the 72 CE-MRIs (54 men, 18 women; mean age 64), 28 demonstrated non-enhancing areas (39%). All but 6 patients were found to have been correctly diagnosed on imaging (3 false positives, 2 false negatives, and 1 non-diagnostic). A greater discordance was also observed between the radiological and pathological diagnoses in the MRIs which showed non-enhancing tissue. Conclusion: Non-enhancing tissue is found in a non-negligible portion of diabetic foot MRIs and affects its diagnostic performance when looking for osteomyelitis. The recognition of these areas of devascularization may be helpful for the physician in planning the best treatment option for the patient.

A Wound Environment Control System to Avoid Major Amputation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

We report the case of a 58-year-old patient with a diabetic foot lesion at high risk of major amputation successfully treated by a new innovative wound environment control system.

The association between bacteria and outcome and the influence of sampling method, in people with a diabetic foot infection.

PURPOSE: Different bacteria lead to divers diabetic foot infections (DFIs), and some bacteria probably lead to higher amputation and mortality risks. We assessed mortality and amputation risk in relation to bacterial profiles in people DFI and investigated the role of sampling method. METHODS: We included people (> 18 years) with DFI in this retrospective study (2011-2020) at a Dutch tertiary care hospital. We retrieved cultures according to best sampling method: (1) bone biopsy; (2) ulcer bed biopsy; and (3) swab. We aggregated data into a composite determinant, consisting of unrepeated bacteria of one episode of infection, clustered into 5 profiles: (1) Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus; (2) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, Corynebacterium and Enterococcus; (3) gram-negative; (4) Anaerobic; and (5) less common gram-positive bacteria. We calculated Hazard Ratio's (HR's) using time-dependent-Cox regression for the analyses and investigated effect modification by sampling method. RESULTS: We included 139 people, with 447 person-years follow-up and 459 episodes of infection. Sampling method modified the association between bacterial profiles and amputation for profile 2. HR's (95% CI's) for amputation for bacterial profiles 1-5: 0.7 (0.39-1.1); stratified analysis for profile 2: bone biopsy 0.84 (0.26-2.7), ulcer bed biopsy 0.89 (0.34-2.3), swab 5.9*(2.9-11.8); 1.3 (0.78-2.1); 1.6 (0.91-2.6); 1.6 (0.58-4.5). HR's (95% CI's) for mortality for bacterial profiles 1-5: 0.89 (0.49-1.6); 0.73 (0.38-1.4); 2.6*(1.4-4.8); 1.1(0.58-2.2); 0.80(0.19-3.3). CONCLUSIONS: In people with DFI, there was no association between bacterial profiles in ulcer bed and bone biopsies and amputation. Only in swab cultures, low-pathogenic bacteria (profile 2), were associated with a higher amputation risk. Infection with gram-negative bacteria was associated with a higher mortality risk. This study underlined the possible negative outcome of DFI treatment based on swabs cultures.

Management of diabetic ulcers of the dorsum of the foot and distal leg ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic foot ulceration of toes, forefoot and heel have been extensively studied; however, the dorsum of the foot and the distal leg have rarely been addressed. The objective of this study was to assess diabetic ulcers of the dorsum of the foot and of the distal leg (DUDFDLs) as primary sites, or extended lesions from other foot locations, with regard to possible causes, management and outcomes. METHOD: This was a retrospective study conducted in Jabir Abu Eliz Diabetic Centre (JADC) in Khartoum from January 2018 to August 2019. All patients with a primary DUDFDL, or one extending from a plantar or heel ulcer, were included. RESULTS: A cohort of 102 patients with DUDFDLs were studied; 74 (72.5%) were male and 28 (27.5%) were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.6:1, and a mean age of 57±12 years. The ulcer was a primary DUDFDL in 38 patients and a secondary ulcer in 64 patients. The outcome in 38 patients with primary DUDFDL was healing without amputation in 26 cases (68.4%), amputation of toes in 12 cases (31.6%), and no major amputation or death. Of the 64 patients presenting with secondary DUDFDL extending from the plantar surface, there was extension to the dorsum of the foot through the forefoot ulcer in 54 patients and through the ankle joint to the distal leg in 10 patients. For the plantar ulcers extending to the dorsum, five cases healed without amputation (9.3%), minor amputation was necessary in 29 cases (53.7%), major amputation in 14 cases (25.9%) and six patients died (11.1%). For the distal leg ulcers with extension through the ankle joint, five healed without amputation and five required minor amputation. CONCLUSION: Primary DUDFDLs had a favourable outcome. Dorsum extension of diabetic foot ulcer from the plantar aspect of the foot carries a high risk for major limb amputation and death.

[Characteristics and Clinical Application of Commonly Used Wound Dressings].

The pathological mechanism of wound healing is complicated and affected by multiple factors. Modern wound dressings are widely used in the clinical management of wound healing and have achieved good therapeutic effects. Clinically, wounds are often caused by different etiologies. However, there are few reviews focus on the selection of reasonable dressings for different types of wounds. This study mainly focuses on the characteristics of commonly used wound dressings and summarizes the characteristics of the most commonly used wound dressings in clinical practice and their effects. The advantages and disadvantages of pathology wounds: diabetic foot ulcers, pressure injuries, burns, and leg ulcers are reviewed. This study aims to provide references for the development and clinical selection of wound dressings for scientific researchers and first-line nursing staff who are engaged in wound dressings.

Translational development of ABCB5+ dermal mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in non-healing diabetic foot ulcers.

BACKGROUND: While rapid healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is highly desirable to avoid infections, amputations and life-threatening complications, DFUs often respond poorly to standard treatment. GMP-manufactured skin-derived ABCB5+ mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might provide a new adjunctive DFU treatment, based on their remarkable skin wound homing and engraftment potential, their ability to adaptively respond to inflammatory signals, and their wound healing-promoting efficacy in mouse wound models and human chronic venous ulcers. METHODS: The angiogenic potential of ABCB5+ MSCs was characterized with respect to angiogenic factor expression at the mRNA and protein level, in vitro endothelial trans-differentiation and tube formation potential, and perfusion-restoring capacity in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Finally, the efficacy and safety of ABCB5+ MSCs for topical adjunctive treatment of chronic, standard therapy-refractory, neuropathic plantar DFUs were assessed in an open-label single-arm clinical trial. RESULTS: Hypoxic incubation of ABCB5+ MSCs led to posttranslational stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α) and upregulation of HIF-1α mRNA levels. HIF-1α pathway activation was accompanied by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and increase in VEGF protein secretion. Upon culture in growth factor-supplemented medium, ABCB5+ MSCs expressed the endothelial-lineage marker CD31, and after seeding on gel matrix, ABCB5+ MSCs demonstrated formation of capillary-like structures comparable with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Intramuscularly injected ABCB5+ MSCs to mice with surgically induced hindlimb ischemia accelerated perfusion recovery as measured by laser Doppler blood perfusion imaging and enhanced capillary proliferation and vascularization in the ischemic muscles. Adjunctive topical application of ABCB5+ MSCs onto therapy-refractory DFUs elicited median wound surface area reductions from baseline of 59% (full analysis set, n = 23), 64% (per-protocol set, n = 20) and 67% (subgroup of responders, n = 17) at week 12, while no treatment-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The present observations identify GMP-manufactured ABCB5+ dermal MSCs as a potential, safe candidate for adjunctive therapy of otherwise incurable DFUs and justify the conduct of a larger, randomized controlled trial to validate the clinical efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03267784, Registered 30 August 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03267784.

In situ hydrogel capturing nitric oxide microbubbles accelerates the healing of diabetic foot.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a devastating complication in diabetes patients, imposing a high risk of amputation and economic burden on patients. Sustained inflammation and angiogenesis hindrance are thought to be two key drivers of the pathogenesis of such ulcers. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to accelerate the healing of acute or chronic wounds by modulating inflammation and angiogenesis. However, the use of gas-based therapeutics is difficult for skin wounds. Herein, therapeutic NO gas was first prepared as stable microbubbles, followed by incorporation into a cold Poloxamer-407 (P407) solution. Exposed to the DFU wound, the cold P407 solution would rapidly be transformed into a semisolid hydrogel under body temperature and accordingly capture NO microbubbles. The NO microbubble-captured hydrogel (PNO) was expected to accelerate wound healing in diabetic feet. The NO microbubbles had an average diameter of 0.8 ± 0.4 µm, and most of which were captured by the in situ P407 hydrogel. Moreover, the NO microbubbles were evenly distributed inside the hydrogel and kept for a longer time. In addition, the gelling temperature of 30% (w/v) P407 polymer (21 °C) was adjusted to 31 °C for the PNO gel, which was near the temperature of the skin surface. Rheologic studies showed that the PNO gel had mechanical strength comparable with that of the P407 hydrogel. The cold PNO solution was conveniently sprayed or smeared on the wound of DFU and rapidly gelled. In vivo studies showed that PNO remarkably accelerated wound healing in rats with DFU. Moreover, the sustained inflammation at the DFU wound was largely reversed by PNO, as reflected by the decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α) and the increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-22 and IL-13). Meanwhile, angiogenesis was significantly promoted by PNO, resulting in rich blood perfusion at the DFU wounds. The therapeutic mechanism of PNO was highly associated with polarizing macrophages and maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. Collectively, PNO gel may be a promising vehicle of therapeutic NO gas for DFU treatment.